The civil service of Pakistan has roots in the B.C. period when well comprehensive centralized administrative structure of the state was established under the Maurya Empire. The administrative structure including the civil service grew under the different dynasties of Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. However, with the advent of the English in the subcontinent, various legislations were passed for introducing and strengthening civil service on modern patters. The Government of India Act 1935 was adopted as Interim Constitution of newly created country Pakistan. The Act contained provisions reading the civil service and provided constitutional safeguards to the members of the civil service. The first constitution of Pakistan enforced in 1956 continued constitutional safeguards, however, it proved short lived when the Martial Law was imposed in the country in October, 1958. The next constitution 1962 continued almost same safeguards. However, such constitutional safeguards, as provided in two earlier constitutions, were taken away when constitution 1973 was effected from 14th August, 1973. It does not mean that the constitution is without provisions regarding the civil service. The Majlis-e-Shoora and the provincial legislatures were empowered to make legislation on the matters relating to civil service within their respective jurisdiction which established the civil service on sound footings

On 5th July 1977 Chief of Army Staff (COAS) Gen. Ziaul Haq overthrew anelected government of Z.A. Bhutto imposed martial law and assumed the post ofChief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA), dissolved national and provincialassemblies, arrested the political leadership of the Pakistan Peoples’ Party (PPP)and Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) and promised to nation that elections will beheld within 90 days but he deviated from his promise and continued military rule.This research article will investigate how democratic political forces united underone umbrella for restoring democracy and ending military rule. All democraticpolitical parties allied and formed a Movement for the Restoration of Democracy(MRD) in February 1981. The alliance started the civil disobedience movement intwo phases 1981 and 1983 unfortunately, the movement was restricted only to Sindh.The movement forced the landed gentry to participate in the agitation if they had notparticipated they would have lost the elections, this fear dragged them into agitationwhich was against the wishes of rulers. The democratic movement constrainedmilitary authorities to restore democracy, and people avenged dictatorship throughballoting and defeated pro-military candidates in general elections. The strugglesuccessfully restored democracy

Traditionally, men are associated with entrepreneurship in society. However, with the increase in civilization, educational pursuits by women and business skills and talent shown by women a lot of women entrepreneurs have emerged including women entrepreneurship. The mainstream of the business functioned surrounded by the traditional areas of textile and apparel, education, food, beauty and health sectors. The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of work-life balance (WLB) on women entrepreneurs in Sindh (Mirpurkhas, Hyderabad, Sanghar). To achieve this objective information was being collected through questionnaire from 500 entrepreneurial women in Sindh (Mirpurkhas, Hyderabad, and Sanghar). The data gathered was analyzed using the SPSS and E-views software’s. The five Likert points 46 statements consisted of six areas. Overall WLB of women entrepreneurs was generally below average. Role overload and Dependent care issues are major challenges faced by these women entrepreneurs. Time management, effective human resource management, and a strong support network can help women entrepreneurs improve on their WLB rating. This research study will be of great use to women entrepreneurs in era of, Beautician, Boutiques Owners a, Hand embroidery, Applic Work ,Bangle worker, School section head and human resources practitioners, to understand and help to address the WLB issues confronting Sindh entrepreneurial women.

To control prevalent aggression in the Pakistan’s society, for the identification of disruptive behavior and for designing evidence-based interventions, authors Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3 (2020) developed Urdu Aggression Questionnaire. However, the sample used for the development of the tool was taken randomly, without identifying the extent of understanding of Urdu Language for people not using Urdu as the usual mode of expression. The prime objective of the current study is to revalidate the newly developed Urdu Aggression Questionnaire, from a population where Urdu is not practiced as the mother tongue and/or personal or professional language for communication. Data is collected by using random sampling technique and once again confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis done using SPSS and AMOS. Sample characteristics have shown that 40% of the participants were not using Urdu as a mother tongue and 71% of the sample were not using Urdu as their professional language. Psychometric analysis has once again revalidated the tool and it shows that the tool can be used to measure aggression in different contexts and in multiple settings even with the population where Urdu is not regularly used for communication. In addition, the influence of age and sexual category on different forms of aggression explored with the help of Pearson’s Correlation and Independent Sample t-test. In the current study, male participants are found higher in the direct and indirect forms of aggression, however, age has no significant impact on any form of aggression. It is recommended that the newly developed tool should be translated into regional languages to investigate extent of aggression in remote areas of Pakistan.

The study aims at focusing on improving listening skills using Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) techniques. The main objective of the study was to investigate the perceptions of the students about CALL methodology in terms of enhancing students’ listening skills at the undergraduate level in Pakistan. In this view, an experimental method has been chosen during teaching in which listening test was administered. The nature of the study was qualitative. The population has been chosen by adopting a random sampling procedure. On the other hand, interviews have been taken with learners in the end. Fifty respondents from Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University have been taken as a population for this study. They have been treated differently in a way that, learners have been given special treatment by using Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) with the usage of new techniques for the period of one semester. Data was collected and analyzed by using Interviews and Thematic Analysis. The results of the current study revealed that the learners who have been teaching through CALL and technology for a period of one semester have improved their listening skills as compared to the common classroom techniques.

Reforms process in the erstwhile FATA region is a work in progress that goes with a very slow pace. Successive Pakistani regimes have attempted different reform packages and development strategies but it did not substantially transform the region and its governance issues continued. There are some serious challenging factors that have been blocking the road to its reforms and normalization. The Afghan factor is one among these hindering factors. This study seeks to discuss the Afghan factor as a major barricade to the FATA region reforms and development. Afghanistan is an unstable stable state and FATA shares a long border with her. Due to geographical proximity with Afghanistan, the region has consistently been remained in a perpetual state of crises and conflicts and its development has always taken a back seat.

Social media has developed a significant means to provide political information among voters of Sindh due to its convenient approach and accessibility at wide-reaching on a global scale Social media will not only provide information on political parties and their candidates, but it will also encourage voters to engage among themselves to discuss their concerns about their individual politicians. From such a systemic standpoint, the study addressed use of such social media platforms to obtain political information during the Pakistan General Elections 2018. This paper has primarily associated with political information obtained through the use and application of social media platforms by main political parties and voters. This study was restricted to the Hyderabad district. The information was compiled in accordance with the general election of 2018, with a focus on registered voters in the district of Hyderabad between the ages of 18 and 35. The data was gathered by employing with the technique of probability sampling. The study indicates that voters belong to Hyderabad district were generally the regular users of SNS, whereas Twitter and Facebook are the most frequently used SNS sites. They have sufficient disclosure to political information by using Facebook and twitter. The analysis and interpretation of collected data shows that the voters of Hyderabad district gain more political knowledge by employing SNS sites and have enough exposure of party manifesto which is disseminated by political campaign being run on social networks. Hence the conclusion of the study is ‘social media provide tremendous information regarding political communication, party’s manifestoes and political campaign, makes effect on voters and let them to change their voting behavior and perception, leading to change their party affiliation.

The study explores the relationship between spirituality and religion from a critical discourse analysis (CDA) perspective. As every religion has particular spiritual dimensions according to its beliefs, the paper seeks to analyze the specific dimensions of spirituality in significant religions. The study’s research design is purely qualitative as it uses the textual narrative method to investigate the visions of scholars on the conception of spirituality. The study’s major findings reveal that spirituality is not a dormant illustration of religion. Christian scholars tried to link spirituality with society and the Church. Most Buddhist and Hindu scholars believe that religion does not need to gain the true light of spirituality. The Islamic concept of spirituality is likely to stick with religion. Therefore, it is suggested in continuation of the present study that future researchers consider the factors that push persons to become spiritual souls. Moreover, future researchers can also pay attention to the subconscious mind by giving a solid distinction between the sub-consciousness and spirituality of a person.

This research is about Total quality management practices and performance management practices conducted in Turkish SME’s. TQM practices are frequently used in the short-term models for enhancing the marketing of the business models Performance measurement framework is very helpful and evaluate and structure effective working policies by which individual performance of a business firm is improved. The research is descriptive in nature. Research is primary based conducted via questionnaires through Survey from top and middle managers who are handling the business model in Turkish SME’s. Data was presented by Ms. Excel software and presented by bar charts

Agriculture is the mainstay of economy of Pakistan, more than 45 percent of population is reliant on agriculture employment. As the growing population is a constant threat to the food security, thence efforts need to be taken for its sustainability through different means. To combat this threat and overcome the situation agriculture production need to be enhanced where agriculture inputs play a major role. Besides water, soil, agro-chemicals seed is the main input which guarantees agriculture production. Impurity of seed has direct impact at overall production of crop, hence all expenses made during process of from land leveling to the harvesting becomes waste, if quality of seed is compromised. This article is based on qualitative research, in which numerous legal aspects of seed laws were examined and analyzed to identify any gaps in these laws and the way they were being put into practice. Contrarily, the green revolution and the sustainable development goals were outlined to emphasize the significance of food security, which is achieved through an agricultural revolution. Due to the paucity of research on this area of laws and their deficiencies, this study has a significant impact on policymaking. The only remedy to control all this menace is the law and its true implantation. In Pakistan the seed laws have great ambiguity as federal government do not want to relinquish its function which constitution does not allow though agriculture is and was a provincial subject as per constitution of Pakistan. Agriculture was neither in federal legislative list, nor in concurrent list which was abolished in 2010. This is purely a residual subject which is the domain of federating units of Pakistan.

This study aims to know the impact of psychological aggression and physical assault at home on workplace performance of women. This is a quantitative study which is carried out by employing purposive sampling. We identified 150 working women facing domestic violence working in different organizations located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Out of this identified sample, only 121 women participate in the study. Additionally, the supervisors of these 121 women were also considered for knowing the evaluation of work performance. This study involved the development of two questionnaires the items of which were adapted from the Revised Conflicts Tactics Scale (CTS2) originally developed by (Straus, 1979) and from the study of Farh and Cheng (1999). The study reveals that psychological aggression proved to be strongly influencing variable than the physical assault. This paper suggests that the partners of the working women need to avoid psychological aggression along with abandoning the use of physical assault on them or at least a partner should minimize the frequency of attempts of both variables so that the workplace performance of women may increase and the women may perform better in their jobs.

Organizational culture (OC) can be described as a set of values, beliefs, and various models of behavior that are pursued in an organizational setup that characterize the true portrayal of that organization. OC has been operationalized as having the necessary characteristics of involvement, consistency, adaptability, and mission; while the construct of psychological ownership has been operationalized having the essential dimensions of selfefficacy accountability, belongingness, and identity. The primary data was collected using questionnaire from 637 male and female workers to belonging to both public and private banks and hospitals. Data were analyzed through correlation and regression. Findings showed that involvement, consistency, adaptability and mission explain 45.5% of variance in total employee psychological ownership. Out of the four variables, mission has been found to be the largest statistically significant; consistency as the second largest statistically significant; while involvement and adaptability have been found to be insignificant.